Walt Disney A Famous Creator Of Disneyland - 1483 Words

According to the International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions (IAAPA), there are over 400 amusement parks in the United States and approximately 2000 parks in the world (â€Å"Amusement†). Of all theme parks, worldwide Disney theme parks record top three highest attendance in 2014: Walt Disney World in Bay Lake, Florida with 19.33 million guests, Tokyo Disneyland in Japan with 17.3 million guests, and Disneyland Park in Anaheim, California with 16.77 million visitors (â€Å"Attendance†). In recent, Disney is one of the most popular parks and has a broad fan base with the age range from kids to teenagers to adults. Since all people have various cultures and interests, it is difficult to make everyone be interested in one same thing. Walt Disney, however, were able to do so; how he would succeed in attracting all people around the world and influencing the global culture and today’s society. Walt Disney is known as a famous creator of Disneyland and succeeded his career; however, he went through many hardships in his life. Walt was born as the fourth child on December 5, 1901, in Chicago. His parents, Elias and Flora Disney, ran the building trade, and the houses they built had a good reputation since it was easy to live in. Disney family were well-off; however, Walt’s grandfather failed to run a business and his whole family had moved to a quiet town, Marceline, Missouri. Walt was five years old that time. Because Marceline was a place full of nature, Walt was absorbedShow MoreRelatedA Report On Google Doodle850 Words   |  4 Pagescorresponding to the date of the celebration, contributions, birthdays, remembrance, and holidays. A famous doodle being shown was a remembrance of the scene of the Loch Ness Monster. The 81st Anniversary of the Loch Ness Monster s most famous photograph doodle remembers the photograph Colonel Robert Wilson took that changed history forever on n April 21, 1934. The 81st Anniversary of the Loch Ness Monster s most famous photograph doodle is shown through google s view of the Loch Ness monster. The originalRead MoreControversies with the Walt Dinsey Company1471 Words   |  6 Pagesis, their mind most likely automatically thinks of one word- Disney. Once they think of that there is an array of movies to choose from. The Walt Disney Company has been making its place in this world for almost one hundred years. Over the decades Disney has become a household name whether it be through their blockbuster movies, television channel, books, products, resorts, cruise line or their world famous theme parks. The Walt Disney Company has spread its ideas and products of imagination throughoutRead MoreWalt Disney Biography Essay1172 Words   |  5 Pagesimagine a world without Walt Disney. A world without his magic, whimsy, and optimism..†(Brad A.) Well all know Walt Disney as the creator of Mickey Mouse and the man who made the first Disney movie s and cartoons famous. Walt Disney did so much more than just make Mickey Mouse. He touched hearts and made a positive impact on so many people’s lives. He also made Disney famous around the world. Today there is Disney themed parks in Hong Kong, Paris, and Tokyo. Along with the famous Disney Land in CaliforniaRead MoreDisney : A Dreaming Nonconformist1353 Words   |  6 PagesDisney: A Dreaming Nonconformist Society has a rule book, it lists how we should act and think and be. Some people decide to disregard the rule book and write their own. These people are daring, different, and sometimes even seen as impractical but often they leave a lasting impact on our lives. I know of many people who fit this description, but none more influential on our lives today than Walt Disney. Walt Disney was a producer of motion-pictures and television shows. He was a showman and isRead MoreHow Disney Magic And The Corporate Media Shape Youth Identity Essay1733 Words   |  7 PagesAiden Impact of Disney Introduction: http://whmc.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/d/disney/ Product Launch: http://cs231n.stanford.edu/reports2016/265_Report.pdf Brand culture: https://www.uwlax.edu/urc/jur-online/PDF/2004/francoeur.pdf Culture effect: http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/2808:how-disney-magic-and-the-corporate-media-shape-youth-identity-in-the-digital-age Frozen example: http://www.forbes.com/sites/natalierobehmed/2015/07/28/the-frozen-effect-when-disneys-movie-merchandising-is-too-much/#61ba13235f08Read MoreWhy Do Dreams Come True?1712 Words   |  7 Pagescan spit out the answer is seconds. Disneyworld and Disneyland are some of the most â€Å"magical† places to be, at least that is what is said by many throughout the United States. Everyone knows the name â€Å"Disney†, but where does it come from? Who was the intelligent and imaginative person who had the desire and heart to create this entertainment empire? The man was Walt Disney. Through a long road of rewrites, rejections, and reconstructions, Disney created a new look for the entertainment in AmericaRead MoreWalt Disney : An American Motion Picture1226 Words   |  5 PagesWalter Elias Disney, also known as Walt Disney, was an American motion-picture and television producer, famous as the creator of cartoon films and Disneyland. His relentless aspiration and determination dro ve Walt Disney to pour in each ounce of innovativeness into his work. In my opinion, Walt Disney was important because of his creation of Disneyland in order to have an educational as well as amusement value and to entertain adults and their children and his influence on American culture throughRead MoreWalt Disney s Life For His Dreams1396 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"A world without Disneyland? It would feel so empty† (Channel, Screen 1). Well we can thank Walt Disney for discovering Disneyland and all the other magical things he created. Walt Disney is the creator of Mickey Mouse and the other famous cartoons produced by Walt Disney Studios. Walt Disney devoted his life to making others smile without giving up after all the setbacks throughout his life and company. It’s important to know the history of the man and his partners who was all behind the makingRead MoreWalt Disney: American Dream Achiever Essay857 Words   |  4 PagesWalt Disney—American Dream Ac hiever Dream come true, profound influence, persistent efforts, and the success after the setback; those elements compose the definition of the American Dream. Walt Disney undoubtedly was a successful American Dream achiever. He and his brother co-founded Walt Disney Productions, which became one of the best-known motion-picture production companies in the world. He created Mickey Mouse who turned into one of the most famous cartoon characters in animation history(â€Å"WaltRead MoreWalt Disney : The Disney1647 Words   |  7 PagesWhy Walt Disney is known Walt Disney innovations include the first cartoons with synchronized sound, the first full-length animated feature film and, of course, the theme park. â€Å"Walt Disney was an American motion-picture and television producer and showman, famous as a pioneer of cartoon films and as the creator of Disneyland. Walter Elias Walt Disney was born on December 5, 1901, in Hermosa, Illinois. He and his brother Roy co-founded Walt Disney Productions, which became one of the best-known

Can the Jewish, Christian and Islamic Communities Coexist...

I have been advised by the ruling council of Neutralia to conduct research regarding whether the three communities, each following a different religion, (Judaism, Christianity and Islam) will be able to coexist together harmoniously and peacefully in our nation. I have looked at all the three holy scriptures as well as history and present day examples either supporting or opposing the idea of them being able to live side by side without conflict. The Bible Looking at the holy scripture of Christianity, the Bible, I found that christians are supposed to spread their religion as much as possible as they want to offer salvation for as many as possible, but are not to act out as the non-believers unwillingness will eventually punish them when they go to hell. (King James Bible Online Revelation 21:8) Further, it talks about the Jews really following Satan and not God/G-d, as he has blinded them from seeing that the Messiah has come as they teach in Christianity, since they are still waiting. It says that Jews say they are Jews but really aren’t, referring to them as the synagogue of Satan. (King James Bible Online Revelation 2: 9) The Qur’an Quran tells its followers that they should respect the other two Abrahamic religions and their scriptures, as they are â€Å"people of the scriptures/book†. (The Noble Quran 29:46, 3:64- 65 and 12:111, Noorhan Abbas, Dr. Eric Atwell, Root, David) Moreover, it claims that all believers can enter paradise as long as they believe in the one true

Queen Elizabeth Essay Example For Students

Queen Elizabeth Essay The typical Shakespeare comedy, in contrast to any modern comedy, has a strict structure: this begins with the Exposition where the main setting, characters and plotline are introduced. In The Taming of the Shrew we see this when Biancas suitors find out that Bianca can only marry once her sister, the Shrew, has. Baptista, surrounded by some of the major characters in the play, informs the audience that he is determined not to bestow my youngest daughter/Before I have a husband for the elder. (I, 1, 50-51) Next is the Complication stage, where disorder prevails and events descend into apparent chaos. In The Taming of the Shrew this becomes apparent through twists in the plot such as Petruchios decision to take on Kate, and also by all the dressing up, and switching of identities Your fellow Tranio here, to save my life, / Puts my apparel and my countenance on . The last stage is the Resolution, when problems are resolved, ending usually with a marriage or dance. In this play, the most obvious problems are resolved when Katherina is tamed, and she finally kisses Petruchio in front of everyone. This is seen as a happy ending, although modern audiences may not view it this way, instead seeing someone forced into submission as more of a tragedy. Throughout these three stages, the central topic remains love whether couples are in harmony or fighting each other. The Taming of the Shrew, like most Shakespeare comedies, is full of eccentric, and interesting characters, some who challenge contemporary views, some flamboyant and irrepressible characters, and of course a spattering of dim yet rebellious servants. Bianca typifies idealised Elizabethan womanhood, being polite, and subservient toward men in general especially her Father: Sister, content you in my discontent. Sir, to your pleasure humbly I subscribe, My books and instruments shall be my company, On them to look and practise by myself. (I, 1,80-83) Biancas first words of the play establish her as a familiar type and, significantly, she says little throughout the rest of the play. By contrast, Katherina is rude, violent and an enthusiastic feminist, a character who may have interested Queen Elizabeth. She treats men with no respect, often with disdain: comb your noddle with a three-leggd stool , and whilst there is obvious sexual chemistry between her and Petruchio, stubbornly refuses him as a matter of pride. She challenges an Elizabethan belief in The Great Chain of Being, a universal hierarchy where God comes first, then the angels, kings and so on but where men are placed above women. Katherinas rebellious stance and disrespect for men in general challenge this model, and so to an Elizabethan audience, this would have been an exaggeration of the recognisable, stereotypical shrew. Shakespeare would make his audience laugh at the male characters reactions to Katherina, as in Act I, Scene 1: Hortensio: . to labour and effect one thing specially. Gremio: Whats that, I pray? Hortensio: Marry, sir, to get a husband for her sister. Gremio: A husband? A devil. Hortensio: I say a husband. Gremio: I say a devil. Thinkest thou, Hortensio, though her father be very Rich, any man is so very a fool to be married to hell? (119-125) The quick pace of the witty dialogue here with its fiendish imagery about Katherina makes excellent comedy. Katherina, from her first entrance, is an exaggerated type, loud and strong-willed, a character who may have interested the Queen! She treats men with little respect, often with disdain: combe your noddle with a three-leggd stool she tells Hortensio in Act I, Scene 1. Such a homely insult would have delighted the audience who would also have enjoyed the obvious sexual chemistry between her and Petruchio which, even today, provides actors with opportunities to entertain their audiences. .u56816295028171c206ca490eeef615e8 , .u56816295028171c206ca490eeef615e8 .postImageUrl , .u56816295028171c206ca490eeef615e8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u56816295028171c206ca490eeef615e8 , .u56816295028171c206ca490eeef615e8:hover , .u56816295028171c206ca490eeef615e8:visited , .u56816295028171c206ca490eeef615e8:active { border:0!important; } .u56816295028171c206ca490eeef615e8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u56816295028171c206ca490eeef615e8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u56816295028171c206ca490eeef615e8:active , .u56816295028171c206ca490eeef615e8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u56816295028171c206ca490eeef615e8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u56816295028171c206ca490eeef615e8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u56816295028171c206ca490eeef615e8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u56816295028171c206ca490eeef615e8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u56816295028171c206ca490eeef615e8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u56816295028171c206ca490eeef615e8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u56816295028171c206ca490eeef615e8 .u56816295028171c206ca490eeef615e8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u56816295028171c206ca490eeef615e8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Gerald Croft's EssayA good example of this is in Act II, Scene 1 where the two exchange insults and threats in more than fifty lines of brief, fast-paced dialogue, e. g. : Katherina: What is your crest, a coxcomb? Petruchio: A combless cock, so Kate will be my hen. Katherina: No cock of mine, you crow too like a craven. Petruchio: Nay, come, Kate, come; you must not look so sour. Katherina: It is my fashion when I see a crab. (223-227) The opportunities here for double-entendre and bawdy gesture are obvious!

Top five violations of workplace confidentiality laws or guidelines

Introduction Confidentiality remains a critical issue at workplaces. Employees and employers must handle all data in their workplaces with caution. Employees must be prudent with all confidential data in an organization. Hence, any third party should not have access to sensitive and confidential information of employees or an organization.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Top five violations of workplace confidentiality laws or guidelines specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Employees must consult and obtain permission from their superiors in order to share such data with a third party. In addition, employees should also refrain from sharing their confidential and personal data with others at the workplace. Employees who ensure confidentiality of personal information promote professional attitude at the workplace. Personal Information Under legal requirements or workplace guidelines, employers should ensure p rivacy of all data, which employees provide to them during job application processes and specification information employees may provide later. Job application requires employees to supply sensitive personal data, financial details, credit information, education history, and past records of employment among others. Laws or guidelines at workplaces do not allow employers to share such data with other outside parties. Employees must provide their consents to allow employers to share their data because it is a criminal offense to share personal information without prior authorization (Bible and McWhirter, 1990). Violation of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) Employers and employees should recognize and uphold the total ban about discussing private and confidential issues regarding other employees. Data that relate to employees’ salary, benefits, and other related rewards may fall under the protected category (Decker, 1987). Some states require employees to disclose their s alaries. On the other hand, nondisclosure may violate the NLRA guidelines. According to NLRA, employees should â€Å"engage in ‘concerted activity’ and discuss their salaries and other terms of employees openly† (Decker, 1987). Hence, any workplace guidelines that prevent employees from engaging in such discussions may violate the NLRA. On this note, employers should develop exceptions for protected activities in order to avoid violation of the NLRA. Privacy Organizations and several states recognize the right to normal privacy at workplaces. The right to privacy may be contained in codes and guidelines that guide the use of personal information at the workplace. Employers and employees have witnessed many civil claims due to violations of certain privacy policies.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Employers have the role of monitoring employees to allow their organizations to run effectively. However, in this process, they must not compromise employees’ rights to privacy. For instance, firms may have surveillance cameras to minimize cases of theft from employees, but they cannot invade employees’ privacy by installing such cameras in washrooms. Any surveillance in the washroom violates the general right to privacy at the workplace. It is important for the employer to inform employees that they are under surveillance in specific areas of at the workplace. Misuse of private information can lead to legal claims. This could also include situations where employers have authorized access to personal information without consents from an employee. Slander and libel may also constitute legal claims, particularly where employees or employers have provided personal information of others without their consents. Claims could arise from violations of the general right to privacy or defamation. Hence, employers and employees must protect their personal information and avoid defamation and slander at workplaces because such violations have legal liability. Medical Information Employees present their medical information to employers. Such data are useful for assessing employees’ work suitability and medical claims. However, employers cannot share them with any other employee or an outsider without employees’ consents. The Federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act protects the use of employees’ medical information by employers (Decker, 1987). Hence, a violation may constitute a legal claim. Damages Damages may also occur when employers misuse personal and sensitive information about employees’ political affiliation, associations, religious beliefs, associations, sexual orientation, criminal records, disabilities, and other beliefs. When employers infringe on these lawfully protected rights, they may attract liable civil damages. Employees have reasons to sue th eir employers for such damages. Cases of carelessness with guarded information may lead to loss of jobs, emotional distress, stigmatization, and general loss of privacy. Realities and challenges to uphold those laws or guidelines on workplace confidentiality One major challenge that prevents employers and employees from upholding workplace confidentiality is a lack of clearly written policies on confidentiality issues. For instance, many organizations do not clearly articulate their policies on gaining access to personal and private information, maintaining privacy of information, and controlling systems and processes that have employees’ private data.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Top five violations of workplace confidentiality laws or guidelines specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, employers also fail to clarify employees who may have authorization to gain access to certain informat ion. Employers should consider all relevant ways of upholding confidentiality through different confidentiality and nondisclosure agreements that employees must sign. Employers also have challenges of upholding workplace privacy because of the elusive nature of the workplace privacy. A lack of clear communication has contributed to these challenges. Moreover, privacy issues may overlap due to a lack of clear definition of what is confidential in an organization. These laws or guidelines may also change from time to time. Hence, employers should have updated versions of confidentiality laws based on relevant state laws. References Bible, J., and McWhirter, D. (1990). Privacy in the Workplace: A Guide for Human Resource Managers. Westport, CT: Quorum Books. Decker, K. H. (1987). Employee privacy law and practice. New York: Wiley. This research paper on Top five violations of workplace confidentiality laws or guidelines was written and submitted by user Will H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Difficulties of communication within Jebel Ali Free Zone organization

Difficulties of communication within Jebel Ali Free Zone organization Introduction Communication is one of the most important elements in a firm’s operations. Through effective communication, a firm can establish a strong relationship with the various organizational stakeholders such as customers, suppliers, government, and employees amongst others (Griffin, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Difficulties of communication within Jebel Ali Free Zone organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the course of executing their duties, business executives experience communication problems, and thus they are concerned on how to understand better the various stakeholders especially the employees. Jackson (2006) is of the opinion that it is paramount for firms’ management teams to overcome internal and external communication barriers. The communication interactions and approaches adopted by organizations directly influence the functioning of their departments and hence their overall business performance. This paper evaluates the case of Jebel Ali Free Zone in a bid to develop a better understanding of the communication difficulties experienced by organizations. The paper also evaluates a number of barriers and difficulties that the firm experiences in its communication processes. They include the existence of cultural barriers, lack of feedback, lack of clarity, system design faults, and lack of honesty and complexity of the organization. Finally, the paper proposes a number of solutions to deal with these problems. General information about Jebel Ali Free Zone Jebel Ali Free Zone (Jafza) was established in 1985. It is a member of the UAE’s Economic Zone World. In its operation, Jafza is committed at delivering optimal customer service. Its commitment to customer service enabled Jafza to attain ISO 9001: 2000 certification (Business Services, 2012, Para. 1). Since its establishment, the organization has undergone a significant transfo rmation. Currently it acts as a hub for over 6,700 companies, which are both domestic and foreign companies. The companies are from 150 different countries across the globe. The organization was founded on the premise of becoming an international business hub. Its establishment was also intended at providing its clients with an opportunity to access a wide range of valuable business features such as optimal location, effective and efficient infrastructure, and logistics. Over the years, the organization has become a key driver within the rapidly growing United Arabs Emirates economy (Business Services, 2012).Advertising Looking for research paper on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The organization is situated at Dubai, which serves as an optimal midway between various continents such as Africa, Europe, and Asia. Consequently, Jafza provides its clients with the opportunity to increase their cu stomer base. As an international business hub, Jafza enables businesses to access a customer base of over 2 million people. Jafza also acts as a gateway to other economies within the United Arabs Emirates, Middle East, and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), which are less than 24 hours away. The zone is located between Al Maktoum International Airport, the largest container port, and Jebel Ali Port in Dubai, which ranks as the sixth biggest cargo port. Jafza is unique in that there is no other free zone that lies between two major logistic enablers. The organization also prides in a 6-lane highway, which facilitates transportation of custom bound goods between ports within 20 minutes. Establishment of an effective and efficient infrastructure is one of Jafza’s key strengths (Business Services, 2012). In a bid to increase its client base, Jafza has incorporated a number of commercial incentives such as full repatriation of capital and profit earned from the firm’s oper ations, zero income and corporate taxes for the duration of fifty years, 100 per cent foreign ownership and elimination of local labor restrictions for investors. Additionally, Jafza has also eliminated currency restrictions. The organization also provides diverse state-of-the-art facilities some of which include Light Industrial Unites (LIU), warehouse and showroom facilities, land, and office space. The purpose of establishing the light industrial units was to provide clients with an opportunity to store their light industrial products and undertake light assembling and production. The firm ensures that the LIUs are adequately supplied with sufficient power, which enables them to undertake their business operations smoothly. Other facilities that LIUs have include sufficient parking space and a container loading dock. Jafza has established eight blocks, which compose the 68 showroom-cum-warehouses to meet the needs of its clients. The rooms serve various purposes such as distribut ion, display, and storage. On the other hand, Jafza owns a sizeable plot of land, which is available for leasing. Management problem communication difficulties Jafza Jafza is cognizant of the importance of attaining operational efficiency. Consequently, the firm has established a number of departments, which include sales and marketing, property, civil engineering, and administrative services departments (Business Services, 2012, Para. 3). The departments’ operations aim at attaining one objective, which is to appraise the applications made by the various clients who intend to establish their operations in the Free Zone.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Difficulties of communication within Jebel Ali Free Zone organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Upon the client’s approval, the departments provide additional vital services to clients. In spite of existence of goal congruence between th e various departments, their responsibilities differ. Successful communication forms the foundation of Jafza’s operations. However, in the course of its operation, Jafza faces a number of communication difficulties as discussed below. Cultural barriers Culture is one of the major issues that organizations have to take into account in the course of their operations (Krizan, 2011). However, companies that are involved in cross-border activities are the most affected by the existence of cross-border cultural differences. In its operation, Jafza has established itself as an international business hub. Consequently, the firm faces a number of cultural challenges. Jafza serves clients who are characterized by diverse language and cultural backgrounds. The cultural differences emanate from the fact that the clients come from different countries. Some of the major cultural differences that Jafza experiences are associated with differences in ethnicity, physical challenge, religion, l ifestyle, age, and gender. Consequently, the firm experiences a number of communication barriers. One of the main cultural barriers associates with cultural ethnocentrism and relativism. According to Krizan (2011), cultural relativism emanates from differences in values and behaviors amongst the parties involved. One of the standards of measuring cultural relativism is ethics such as what one culture considers being right or wrong. By developing such an approach, some of the Jafzas employees experience a challenge in the process of interpreting the intended meaning by the clients. On the other hand, the firm also experiences communication difficulties within its departments due to ethnocentrism. In a bid to develop a strong human resource base, Jafza has sourced its employees from different countries. However, some of the employees consider their culture as more superior compared to other cultures. As a result, this aspect leads to lack of effective collaboration between the firmâ⠂¬â„¢s departments. Collaboration between departments in an organization is attainable by ensuring effective communication. Despite the existence of similarities between employee behaviors, their culture may be completely different, which leads to the formation of stereotypes and distrust amongst employees in various departments.Advertising Looking for research paper on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In its operation, Jafza experiences a major problem due to the existence of stereotypes within its departments, which fail to appreciate the importance of cultural diversity. Consequently, the firm suffers through reduction in the level of integration between departments. Additionally, some employees in Jafza departments consider their culture as superior to others. Consequently, they prefer working with employees of their cultural background compared to others. This aspect means that there is a substantial level of distrust amongst the firm’s employees. However, the success of Jafza is dependent on the operations of all the departments. Existence of communication difficulties due to cultural barriers is adversely affecting teamwork within the firm. Considering the fact that Jafza deals with a wide range of clients from different countries, the organization has to deal with the issue of cultural diversity. In an effort to deal with this challenge, Jafza has to train its workf orce continuously to manage the existing communication gaps effectively. One of the issues, which the firm has to focus on in its training process entails helping the employees to appreciate cultural diversity. Additionally, Jafza has to ensure that its employees in the various departments are bilingual (Hartley, Chatterton, Bruckmann, 2002). Lack of feedback For complete communication cycle, there has to be feedback from the intended recipient (Lunenburg Ornstein, 2008). The feedback enables the initiator of the communication process to determine whether the recipient has understood the intended message. Decoding the sent message is paramount in ensuring the implementation of the appropriate action. However, Jafza’s communication process faces a major challenge due to lack of feedback. One of the factors that lead to lack of feedback associates with ineffective collaboration between the various departments. In the course of executing their duties, the firm’s departm ents carry diverse responsibilities. For example, the sales and marketing department is charged with the responsibility of receiving, approving, and analyzing the applications made by clients. On the other hand, the civil engineering department’s responsibility entails analyzing the clients’ projects. Therefore, operations of the two departments are interlinked. The civil engineering department cannot execute its duties if the sales and marketing department receives the applications and fail to communicate the same. Lack of clarity In a bid to attain the desired effectiveness in the communication process, it is paramount for the firms’ management teams to ensure that the employees understand the intended message. However, there are some instances when the message is not adequately decoded (Lunenburg Ornstein, 2008). One of the reasons why the message may not be understood is associated with the fact that the employees might interpret the message differently. In the course of its operation, Jafza experiences a major challenge in communicating to the various departments, which arises from the fact that there are some instances when the message is not clear. This aspect forces the employees to act in a manner that is contradictory to the intended action. System design faults Considering the importance of communication within and across departments, most organizations are cognizant of the importance of implementing communication systems and structures. One of the communication systems that firms should implement relates to information communication system. In the course of its operation, Jafza has implemented an information communication system across all its departments. However, the communication system is not well configured to meet the firm’s communication needs. Consequently, Jafza has been experiencing a major challenge when communicating to its employees and clients (Means Rankin, 2010). The communication system entails relying on the clients and employees’ personal emails IDs. This element presents a major challenge because the firm would not have managed to track the clients or employees in the event they left Jafza. Additionally, the firm also faced a challenge because most clients lost their email IDs. Consequently, Jafza suffered a major challenge with regard to implementing and maintaining an effective and reliable e-mail communication system especially with regard to its clients operating outside the free zone. Therefore, to improve the efficiency of its customer service delivery, Jafza needed an effective communication channel that would improve communication consistency. Lack of honesty Honesty is one of the indispensable elements of every successful business entity, and the lack of the same is a clear indication of an imminent failure. During difficult times such as recession, Jafza experiences a major challenge in its communication process. The challenge emanates from the fact that emplo yees may not be honest in their communication process. For example, during difficult times, the firm requires employees to give honest answers on some of the issues that the firm is facing. However, upon sensing the problems, the employees may fail to issue the intended information. Complexity of the organization According to Fielding (2006, p. 20), organizations experience a challenge due to the existence of numerous people to whom the message should be passed. Passing information to many individuals may result in the message being distorted due to extensive filtering and omission errors as the message is being passed on from one party to another. This phenomenon is very rife in Jafza due to the hierarchical organizational structure that the firm has adopted. In an effort to meet the customers’ needs, the firm has organized itself into a number of departments, which include sales and marketing department, administrative services department, civil engineering department, and the property department. The operations of every department are greatly dependent on other departments. As a result, the firm experiences communication breakdown due to the occurrence of distortions and omissions. Solutions to deal with the problem In order to continue with its high rate of growth, it is paramount for Jafza to deal with the communication difficulties experienced, and to achieve this objective, the firm should take into account a number of issues as outlined below. Incorporating an audience-centered approach Jafza should incorporate effective measures to deal with communication difficulties across and within departments arising from the existence of cultural differences. Firstly, the firm should stimulate the employees to appreciate the prevailing cultural diversity, and to achieve this goal, the firm should ensure that the employees understand each other’s cultural differences with regard to education, race, religion, status, gender. This move will play an im portant role in eliminating discrimination amongst employees. Thus, the firm will undertake effective communication. One of the ways through which this goal is attainable is by taking into account the message needs of the intended receiver. Fostering an open-communication environment Existence of restrictive environment is one of the reasons why organizations are not efficient in their communication process, and to deal with this challenge, Jafza should ensure that there is open communication. One of the ways through which the firm can achieve this aspect is by modifying the number of organizational level. For example, the firm can adopt a more flat organizational structure, which will lead to an improvement in the degree of interaction between the firm’s departments. Additionally, Jafza should ensure that it incorporates the concept of teamwork. The firm should assign some responsibilities to employees from various departments. This move will play an important role in improv ing the level of trust amongst employees, and thus there will be an increment in the rate of interaction amongst employees, hence improving communication (Fielding, 2006, p. 20). Incorporating ethical communication Jafza should ensure that it integrates ethical communication to improve the effectiveness and efficiency with which it delivers its customer service. The firm can achieve this goal by motivating employees to be transparent in their communication process. Therefore, they should desist from all deceptive tactics and issuing negative information. Improve the efficiency of the message Jafza is a very complex organization; therefore, it is important for the firm to ensure that it creates lean and efficient messages. In a bid to achieve this objective, the firm should motivate departments to report in a concise manner, for such a move will play an important role in preventing the audience from losing interest in reading the intended message. Additionally, incorporation of lean messages will tend to increase the level of concentration amongst the employees. By keeping the messages lean, the firm will avoid overloading its information communication network (Fielding, 2006, p. 20). Updating its communication infrastructure In an attempt to deal with the communication systems challenge, Jafza outsourced the services of FVC, a renowned value added distributor of Google Enterprise solutions in North Africa and the Middle East. The firm offers a wide range of e-mail solutions specifically the ready-to-use email solutions. In addition to being secure, the email solution provided by FVC is also compatible with that of Jafza and its clients. The technology utilizes Google’s cloud computing technology. Additionally, the technology can be implemented immediately and accommodate numerous users of information communication without undertaking major infrastructural changes. By outsourcing, the services of FVC, Jafza has been in a position to deal with the communi cation challenge it experienced due to system design defaults. One of the ways through which the firm has benefited is that it has customized its clients and employees’ e-email addresses. Employees can use addresses such @jafzamail.com. Through this technology, the firm’s management team can communicate with its employees and clients. Additionally, the firm has continued to ensure that it maintains the integrity of the communication medium. One of the ways through which the firm has attained this aspect is by ensuring that there is a two-way communication amongst the firm, its clients, and employees. Implementation of technology has extensively benefited the firm. For example, its deployment is both quick and convenient. Additionally, the firm is not required to undertake extensive training in enabling the employees and clients to use the technology. Therefore, the firm has minimized the cost of implementing the new technology in addition to improving its communication effectiveness and efficiency. Conclusion This analysis underscores the importance of communication within an organization. However, firms experience numerous communication challenges in their operations. Due to its cross-border operations, Jafza experiences numerous cultural barriers in its communication process. These barriers emanate from the existence of cultural diversity amongst the firm’s employees, which is well illustrated by the fact that some employees consider their culture as more superior compared to that of their fellow colleagues. Consequently, stereotypes emerge within the organization. The cultural differences also lead to the emergence of an inefficient feedback mechanism due to language barriers, thus leading to lack of inter-departmental collaboration. Lack of collaboration has adverse effects on the firm’s operational efficiency. System default designs are another factor that had adversely affected the firm’s communication process. As a res ult, the firm’s management team could not stay in touch with the firm’s employees and its clients. Lack of honesty amongst its employees is another challenge that the firm experienced in its communication process. Some employees were not willing to give transparent information regarding the firm’s operations. In a bid to deal with the communication difficulties due to the system default design, Jafza has incorporated a new Google email solution. The new system has significantly improved the firm’s communication effectiveness and efficiency. In spite of this move, the firm should address a number of issues. Firstly, the firm should incorporate an audience-centered approach, which will improve its focus on the communication needs of the employees. It is also important for the firm to foster open communication in the firm by adopting a lean organization structure. This move will reduce the complexity associated with the reporting process. Fostering ethical c ommunication practices will also improve the firm’s communication efficiency. Additionally, the firm should continuously update its communication infrastructure Reference List Business Services. (2012). Jafza free zone. Web. Fielding, M. (2006). Effective communication in organizations: preparing messages that  Communicate. Lansdowne, Cape Town: Juta Academics. Griffin, R. (2011). Management. Mason, OH: South Western Cengage Learning. Hartley, P., Chatterton, P., Bruckmann, C. (2002). Business communication; an  Introduction. New York, NY: Routledge. Jackson, J. (2006). The organization and its communication problems. Journal of  Communication, 9(4), 158-167. Krizan, A. (2011). Business communication. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Lunenburg, F., Ornstein, A. (2008). Educational administration: concepts and  practices. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Means, T., Rankin, D. (2010). Business communication. Mason, OH: South Western Cengage Learning.

Hispanic Surnames, Meanings, and Origins

Hispanic Surnames, Meanings, and Origins Does your last name fall into this list of the 100 most common Hispanic surnames? For additional Spanish surname meanings and origins, see Spanish Surname Meanings, 1–50. Continue reading below this list of common Hispanic surnames to learn about Hispanic naming customs, including why most Hispanics have two last names and what those names represent. 51. MALDONADO 76. DURAN 52. ESTRADA 77. CARRILLO 53. COLON 78. JUAREZ 54. GUERRERO 79. MIRANDA 55. SANDOVAL 80. SALINAS 56. ALVARADO 81. DELEON 57. PADILLA 82. ROBLES 58. NUNEZ 83. VELEZ 59. FIGUEROA 84. CAMPOS 60. ACOSTA 85. GUERRA 61. MARQUEZ 86. AVILA 62. VAZQUEZ 87. VILLARREAL 63. DOMINGUEZ 88. RIVAS 64. CORTEZ 89. SERRANO 65. AYALA 90. SOLIS 66. LUNA 91. OCHOA 67. MOLINA 92. PACHECO 68. ESPINOZA 93. MEJIA 69. TRUJILLO 94. LARA 70. MONTOYA 95. LEON 71. CONTRERAS 96. VELASQUEZ 72. TREVINO 97. FUENTES 73. GALLEGOS 98. CAMACHO 74. ROJAS 99. CERVANTES 75. NAVARRO 100. SALAS Hispanic Surnames: Why Two Last Names? The Hispanic double surname system traces back to the nobility class of Castile in the 16th century. The first surname generally comes from the father and is the primary family name, while the second (or last) surname comes from the mother. A man named Gabriel Garcà ­a Marquez, for example, indicates a fathers first surname of Garcà ­a and the mothers first surname, Marquez. Father: Pedro  Garcà ­a  Pà ©rez  Mother: Madeline Marquez  Rodrà ­guez  Son: Gabriel  Garcà ­a Marquez Portuguese names, including surnames from Brazil where Portuguese is the predominant language, often follow a different pattern than other Spanish speaking countries, with the mothers surname coming first, followed by the fathers name, or primary family name. How Does Marriage Affect the Surname? In most Hispanic cultures women generally keep their fathers surname (maiden name) throughout their life. At marriage, many choose to add their husbands surname in place of their mothers surname, sometimes with a  de  between their fathers and husbands surnames. Thus, a wife will generally have a different double surname than her husband. Some women also choose to use all three surnames. Because of this, children will have a different double surname than either of their parents, as their name is made up of (as discussed previously) their fathers first surname (the one from his father) and their mothers first surname (the one from her father). Wife: Madeline  Marquez  Rodrà ­guez   (Marquez is her fathers first surname,  Rodrà ­guez her mothers)Husband:  Pedro  Garcà ­a  Pà ©rez  Name After Marriage:  Madeline  Marquez  Pà ©rez or  Madeline  Marquez de Pà ©rez Expect Variants- Especially As You Go Back in Time During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Hispanic naming patterns were less consistent. It wasnt unusual, for example, for male children to be given the surname of their father, while females took the surname of their mothers. The double surname system which originated among the Castilian upper classes during the sixteenth century  did not come into common use throughout Spain until the nineteenth century. Thus double surnames in use prior to 1800 may reflect something other than the paternal and maternal surnames, such as a way to distinguish one family with a common surname from others of the same surname. Surnames might also have been chosen from a prominent family or even from grandparents.

Ethical Filter worksheet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethical Filter worksheet - Essay Example At times, one must decide just how honest one can be in a situation without causing further issues to arise. Being communicative is always advantageous as all problems can be resolved on the basis of communication. I have experience of this aspect of personality because of being in groups of friends and working groups. I placed communicativeness at the top of the list in terms of decision making because I think that being communicative is really advantageous in making any kinds of decisions whether they are personal or organizational. With the help of communication, a person cannot only express his/her views regarding a decision but he/she can also allow others to express in order to come to a decision (Caputo, et.al, 2003). Communication is a two way process and is only successful when both the sides are ready to listen to each other (Caputo, et.al, 2003). Therefore, according to my perception, being communicative is most essential for a decision making process and it should be prioritized. Communicativeness is a challenging job as everyone cannot be dragged in discussions at times so extensive effort is required. Communication should be prioritized and in communicating, one’s role should be appreciative. To appreciate the good opinions and information given by a person always encourages people to take part in the decision making process. Also encouragement plays a greater part in persuading people to perform better (Caputo, et.al, 2003). The process of decision making becomes better when people are encouraged to share their opinions. People should be appreciated for their participation (Caputo, et.al, 2003). Appreciation should be there but appreciation that is wrongly done is disadvantageous so this factor should be taken care of. I consider trustworthiness as an important aspect of decision making as one cannot allow the other person to decide or form an opinion if trust is not there in between

RECOMMENDATION ASSIGNMENT DESCRIPTION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

RECOMMENDATION ASSIGNMENT DESCRIPTION - Essay Example The main source for reference for this study is a 2003 World Bank endorsed report which provides facts about the practice. It also recommends possible interventions that can be taken by various stakeholders. One may ask whether   the responsibility of containing this evil be left only to governments. The main stakeholders such as employers, guardians, civil groups, labor authorities and governments have a mandate to collectively strategize on how to look and solve this issue once and for all. This is because if this does not happen the larger society will be in ruin as Larson (14) observes. Introduction Child labor is a nagging issue that is present in most developing countries. This is because of the fact that the policies and laws that govern labor are either too lenient or don’t exist at all. This can be traced back to the period when the world was in the Industrial revolution era according to Sailee Kale (1) who is a contributor to the issues that relate to labor. At thi s point in time, many industries were   constructed to manufacture commodities. Because the owners were keen to reduce the expenses that were originating from the inputs, they resolved to adopt cheap labor to maintain the desired profit levels. The main source for this labor was destitute children who could work for food and menial allowances. Such situations are reported by NGOs and the media on a daily basis in India and Africa where children toil the farms and manufacturing factories. The main cause of this situation as this study is going to highlight is poverty and ignorance. Faraaz Sidiqi a human labor consultant speaks widely on these issues and interventions that ought to be taken if the battle against child labor is to be won. Background Information According to Sidiqi (20) Africa and Asia account for more than 90% of the global child labor exploitation cases. This is because of the fact that they are developing at a unusually high rate. Countries in these regions have ag riculture and industrial sectors as the backbone for their economies. The two sectors are labor intensive meaning that they demand a high recruitment of workers to carry out menial jobs. Labor costs take the largest fraction of input expenses in any industry hence a constant search for cheaper supply by the owners. The available option for such labor is the children who are an easy target since they may not be aware of their rights. In the report that was investigating the trends of child labor from 1993-2003 by the World Bank, 22% of all workers in Africa and 15% in Asia were children. This can be a staggering revelation especially at this age and time when the world stresses on education for the future generations. The children working on massive farms or dungeons of factories miss education. The other issue on why the situation is prevalent in today’s society is the policy framework that exists in the affected countries. The laws that dictate labor in those countries are e ither too vague or are not implementable at all by the authorities as the report shows (67). Therefore, the starting point for solving this problem is through a thorough scrutiny of the laws that dictate how children and labor issues relate. This paper will expound on other probable causes of child labor and its associated effects. Later on, there will be a comprehensive look at recommended practices to change the aspect of child related labor. Causes of Child Labor Poverty and

A basic science of public health Essay Example for Free

A basic science of public health Essay According to Friis, epidemiology has to do with the distribution and determinants of health and diseases, morbidity, injuries, disability, and mortality in populations. It is considered a basic science of public health, because its studies are applied to the control of the various health problems in the population. Also, its methods are applied to various health-related fields such as health care administration and health education. Because its focus is on the amount of health and disease in the population, it is at times referred to as population medicine. There are various uses and applications of epidemiology. Some specific applications of epidemiology that Friis did not specifically mention in lesson 1are genetic epidemiology, environmental epidemiology, and occupational epidemiology. Genetic epidemiology puts an emphasis on hereditary factors that may play a role in various human diseases in families and in populations. Research in this area is focused on the risk factors and traits of the genetic basis of diseases. Members of a Psychiatry department in Virginia completed a meta-analysis on the genetic epidemiology of major depression using relevant data from previous primary studies. They concluded that major depression is as a result of genetic influence, not alone, but along with environmental influence. This conclusion was made on the basis of a review of family, adoption, and twin studies that met specific criteria for the primary studies. Environmental epidemiology studies the environmental exposures that are related to various diseases, illnesses, developmental conditions, disabilities, and deaths in populations. Some examples of these environmental exposures are air pollution, radiation through air, water, or food contamination, second-hand smoke, and hazardous waste. Health conditions such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and reproductive problems are some of the effects of these environmental exposures. A local example of this is the pollution from the refineries here in Corpus Christi. People who reside near the refineries have a 17% higher cancer rate than the rest of the city. There are apparently many consistently sick residents in the area. They are called the ‘Black Thumb’ neighborhood, because the soil in the area is poisoned and contaminated by the pollu tion from the refineries. The application of epidemiologic methods to populations of workers is occupational epidemiology. Studies on this topic involve various work-related patterns of disease and illness. They look at workers exposed to various risk factors such as heavy metals or chemicals and determine if these exposures result in adverse health outcomes. There is also a focus on biological and physical health effects as well. Occupational Epidemiologists attempt to study how often workers are injured on the job, what groups are most affected, and the reasons for these injuries. The results from these studies are used to find ways to prevent or reduce the risks of injuries and illnesses on the job. In conclusion, the various epidemiologic methods and studies are applied to the control of health problems in populations. Three specific applications of epidemiology are genetic epidemiology, environmental epidemiology, and occupational epidemiology. Genetic epidemiology is concerned with the role of genetic factors in determining health and disease in families and in populations. Environmental epidemiology is concerned with the relationship between exposures from the environment and adverse health outcomes in populations. Occupational epidemiology studies work-related patterns of disease and illnesses. The existence of these various epidemiologic applications help to identify and prevent the causes of health and disease in our communities. Epidemiology provides us with necessary and beneficial information we need to live a healthy life. References Corpus Christi’s Refinery Row. (n.d.). Retreived from www.txpeer.org/toxictour/corpus_christi.html Friis, R. (2010). Epidemiology 101. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Kendler, K.S., Neale, M.C., Sullivan, P.F. (2010) Genetic epidemiology of major depression: review and meta-anyalysis. Am J Psychiatry. 157(10): 1552-62 Occupational Epidemiology. (n.d.). Heartland Center for Occupational Health Safety. Retrieved from www.public-health.uiowa.edu/heartland/academic-programs/occ-epi.html

Domestic Violence: No One Deserves to be Abused Essay -- Violence Again

What is domestic violence? Domestic violence is the use, or threatened use of physical force, violence, a deadly weapon, sexual assault, or the intentional destruction of property. It is behaviour that has the intent or impact of placing a victim in fear of physical injury, and a pattern of behaviour resulting in emotional and psychological abuse, economic control, and/or interference with personal liberty that is directed towards the following: a current or former spouse, or a person with whom the abuser shares a child in common, or a current or former intimate partner. Domestic violence is behaviour – emotional, psychological, physical, or sexual abuse – that one person in an intimate relationship uses in order to control the other. It takes many different forms and includes behaviour such as threats, name calling, isolation, withholding of money, actual or threatened physical harm and sexual assault. Most domestic violence is committed against women by their male partners. It also occurs in lesbian and gay relationships and is common in teenage dating relationships. Women’s Stories: My husband constantly came home after a long days work, frustrated and irritable. He’d walk in the door, eat his dinner, look up at me, and say, â€Å"Marsha, I want to have sex.† My three year old and seven year old children were always in bed and asleep at this time of night, so they could never hear my pleads for Jamie to stop. He’d never listen to me. In the end I just gave up and agreed to have sex with him. When I did not, then he would rape me. This went for 6 months before I built up the courage to leave him. My partner is over protective. He doesn’t let me visit friends or family, but instead says that I have to stay at home. Onc... ...goal. We decide how to reach our goals based on what we believe is OK or what we are willing to do. Abusing is no different. Women continually describe how their partners go from one tactic to another when they want something. Some abusers will go as far as emotional abuse, isolation, or intimidation. Some will choose to control economic resources or threaten physical harm to the victim, her children or loved ones. Some ultimately choose violence to get what they want, and the underlying threat of physical violence affects the every aspect of a relationship. Whatever the tactics if you are forced to make decisions on how your partner may hurt you physically or emotionally, your partner has behaved inappropriately; and when violence is used, they have acted criminally. Using violence and/or other controlling behaviours is not acceptable. No one deserves to be abused. Domestic Violence: No One Deserves to be Abused Essay -- Violence Again What is domestic violence? Domestic violence is the use, or threatened use of physical force, violence, a deadly weapon, sexual assault, or the intentional destruction of property. It is behaviour that has the intent or impact of placing a victim in fear of physical injury, and a pattern of behaviour resulting in emotional and psychological abuse, economic control, and/or interference with personal liberty that is directed towards the following: a current or former spouse, or a person with whom the abuser shares a child in common, or a current or former intimate partner. Domestic violence is behaviour – emotional, psychological, physical, or sexual abuse – that one person in an intimate relationship uses in order to control the other. It takes many different forms and includes behaviour such as threats, name calling, isolation, withholding of money, actual or threatened physical harm and sexual assault. Most domestic violence is committed against women by their male partners. It also occurs in lesbian and gay relationships and is common in teenage dating relationships. Women’s Stories: My husband constantly came home after a long days work, frustrated and irritable. He’d walk in the door, eat his dinner, look up at me, and say, â€Å"Marsha, I want to have sex.† My three year old and seven year old children were always in bed and asleep at this time of night, so they could never hear my pleads for Jamie to stop. He’d never listen to me. In the end I just gave up and agreed to have sex with him. When I did not, then he would rape me. This went for 6 months before I built up the courage to leave him. My partner is over protective. He doesn’t let me visit friends or family, but instead says that I have to stay at home. Onc... ...goal. We decide how to reach our goals based on what we believe is OK or what we are willing to do. Abusing is no different. Women continually describe how their partners go from one tactic to another when they want something. Some abusers will go as far as emotional abuse, isolation, or intimidation. Some will choose to control economic resources or threaten physical harm to the victim, her children or loved ones. Some ultimately choose violence to get what they want, and the underlying threat of physical violence affects the every aspect of a relationship. Whatever the tactics if you are forced to make decisions on how your partner may hurt you physically or emotionally, your partner has behaved inappropriately; and when violence is used, they have acted criminally. Using violence and/or other controlling behaviours is not acceptable. No one deserves to be abused.

Freedom Fighters Essay

Nelson Mandela was a visionary freedom fighter who brought about the end of an apartheid society and solidified the democratic elections of presidents by majority rule to South Africa. Born in 1918, Mandela’s early introduction to leadership in the Thembu tribe molded his democratic beliefs (â€Å"Nelson Mandela,† 2009). His youth found him exposed to Western culture which ultimately led him to abandon the Thembu culture and relocate to Johannesburg (â€Å"Nelson Mandela,† 2009). It was during his early years in Johannesburg that he explored the many political philosophies that surrounded him. It was also during this time that Mandela began thoughtful observation and contemplation of the struggles of the black men and women in South Africa. Mandela came to the conclusion, â€Å"It was not lack of ability that limited my people, but lack of opportunity† (Sohail, 2005). His profound dissatisfaction with the apartheid society and the oppression of his people eventually led him to join the African National Congress or ANC in 1944 (â€Å"Nelson Mandela,† 2009). In 1948, the Afrikaner dominated National Party established the apartheid customs into law (Sohail, 2005). In response to this the ANC initiated the Campaign for the Defiance of Unjust Laws at the urging of Mandela (Sohail, 2005). This was the turning point for the ANC and the beginning of Mandela’s rise to recognized leader within the ANC. Prior to this campaign the ANC was committed to peaceful negotiations. With Mandela’s convincing they converted to nonviolent protesting with the goal of overthrowing the white minority government and putting an end to the apartheid laws (â€Å"Nelson Mandela,† 2009). These unsuccessful protests were met with violent opposition. It was one such violent encounter that propelled Nelson Mandela and the ANC to adopt violence as a means of protest. In 1960, sixty nine protestors were killed by government police, this act ultimately lead to the development of Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation) by Nelson Mandela (â€Å"Nelson Mandela,† 2009). The Umkhonto we Sizwe was an offshoot of the ANC whose sole purpose was to engage in violent sabotage of the government. It was Nelson Mandela’s activities within the Umkhonto we Sizwe that ultimately l ed to his capture and incarceration. His trial and sentencing captivated a world audience and forced the actions of the South African government into an international spotlight.(â€Å"Nelson Mandela,† 2009). Fully expecting the  death penalty, Mandela rebutted the idea of seeking appeal recognizing the strength of his position in regard to the cause; â€Å"If anything we might serve the cause greater in death as martyrs than we ever could in life† (Sohail, 2005). Nelson Mandela was sentenced to life imprisonment and solidified his standing as a symbolic embodiment of South African’s fight for freedom (â€Å"Nelson Mandela,† 2009). While incarcerated the violence that Mandela birthed continued to escalate over the years. The world continued to pay attention and the United Nations began supporting sanctions against the South African government (Sohail, 2005). Mandela, aware of the violent chaos, began to contemplate a change in strategy. Recognizing that the movement he began was not vast enough to outright overthrow the existing government he began to consider the possibility of negotiations. At the height of the violence and with increasing international pressure t he South African government was ready to negotiate as well. The first of many secret meeting took place in 1988 between President Botha and Nelson Mandela (â€Å"Nelson Mandela,† 2009). While these negotiations failed to produce any compromises they set the precedent for Botha’s successor F.W. de Klerk in 1989. President de Klerk was committed to change and meaningful negotiations. With the help of President de Klerk, Mandela established the foundation on which the ANC and the South African Government would negotiate (Sohail, 2005). President de Klerk overturned several of the apartheid laws and ensured Mandela his freedom. Nelson Mandela, to the celebration of millions, was released on February 11, 1990 (Sohail, 2005). After spending 27 years in prison, Nelson Mandela and F.W. de Klerk mediated the negotiation of the multiparty Convention for a Democratic South Africa (â€Å"Nelson Mandela,† 2009). The culmination of these negotiations was the Record of Understanding signed by Mandela and de Klerk in 1992 establishing a â€Å"freely elected constitutional assembly† (â€Å"Nelson Mandela,† 2009) and the drafting of a new constitution. The first free democratic elections took place on April 27, 1994 (â€Å"Nelson Mandela,† 2009), effectively ending the minority white reign and the apartheid laws. For Mandela’s significant contributions and sacrifices to bring about these social and political changes he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993(â€Å"Nelson Mandela,† 2009). Andrew Jackson was a revolutionist and the 7th President of the United States. It was though this pursuit of the United States presidency  that he changed the political landscape; changing the way presidents were elected and solidifying presidential power. He further initiated significant change with the displacement of the Native Americans westward. (Red Hill Productions, 2007) Andrew Jackson was born 1767 in South Carolina. Orphaned by the Revolutionary War at the age of 15, he quickly developed a reputation of being â€Å"hot tempered and violent† (Red Hill Productions, 2007). Yet at the same time, he maintained a strong work ethic and earned a law degree. He relocated to the frontier lands of Tennessee at the age of 20 to serve as a public prosecutor. It was during this period in his life that he first experienced formal politics. Serving as Tennessee’s first Congressman he quickly became disenchanted with the political scene. Frustrated with ineffective committee meetings and what he saw as far reaching corruption, he returned to Tennessee where he became a superior court judge. (Red Hill Productions, 2007) At the urging of his supporters and amid far reaching popularity, Jackson once again entered politics with a bid for the 1822 presidential race. Andrew Jackson was defeated in 1824 despite winning the popular vote. John Quincy Adams was awarded the presidency at the discretion of the sitting House of Representative (â€Å"Andrew Jackson,† 1997). Empowered by what they saw as a corrupt election process where presidents were decided via the political elite and not the will of the common people, Jackson’s supports organized the first Democratic Party (Red Hill Productions, 2007). United under the Democratic Party the common people led a feverish campaign. This campaign culminated in the electing of Andrew Jackson to the presidency in 1828 (Red Hill Productions, 2007). Recognizing the political power of an organized party the Republican Party was realized later in the decade. Originally dubbed â€Å"the National Whig Party† (Red Hill Productions, 2007), the birth of this party laid the foundation for a two party political system that continues to dominate politics today. During Andrew Jackson’s two term presidency he further enacted political change by redefining the role of President within the government. In juxtaposition with the founding fathers, Jackson saw the role of the President as the leader in gov ernment rather than the Congress (Red Hill Productions, 2007). Being the only position in government to be elected by the vast majority of the common people, Andrew Jackson envisioned the presidential responsibility as to â€Å"serve the good of all people† (Red Hill Productions, 2007). With  this responsibility came great power which Jackson wielded with great efficiency. He invoked his executive power and utilized his veto power vehemently (Red Hill Productions, 2007). With this wide sweeping reform and successful transition of political power to the President, Andrew Jackson is credited with being the first modern President (Red Hill Productions, 2007). While serving as President, Andrew Jackson determined to secure westward expansion of the United States enacted even further political and social change with the Indian Removal Act of 1830 (Red Hill Productions, 2007). Jackson was the catalyst that ultimately concluded with the displacement of the Native Americans east of the Mississippi (Red Hill Productions, 2007). Recognizing the significance of westward expansion for the continued success of the United States, Jackson introduced the Indian Removal Act in a message to Congress in 1830 (Red Hill Productions, 2007). This displacement of the Native Americans wou ld open Native American lands for the white Americans to develop and expand westward. The Indian Removal Act was passed by Congress in 1830 (Red Hill Productions, 2007). Despite the Supreme Court ruling in favor of the Cherokee people, Andrew Jackson moved forward with the Indian Removal Act forcing a westward movement of the Cherokee people (Red Hill Productions, 2007). This westward movement was famously termed â€Å"the Trail of Tears† (Red Hill Productions, 2007). This impacted the Creek and Seminole people as well and effectively solidified the expansion of the white farmers and business entrepreneurs on the land west of the Mississippi for the American people (Red Hill Productions, 2007). Andrew Jackson’s contribution of the establishing of political parties and the expansion of presidential power solidifies his legacy of enacting significant political and social change. These contributions continue to remain the foundation of politics in the United States. His Indian Removal Act was an equally significant example of political and social change that allowed the United States to expand westward. This westward expansion firmly cemen ted the continued success of the United States. References Andrew Jackson. (1997). In Biography Reference Bank. Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/delivery?sid=986fb1e9-82c5-4a86-8443-28de1ed235%40sessionmgr112&vid=13&hid=4208 Nelson Mandela. (2009). In Biography

Osmoregulation in Fish Essay

Osmosis in the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane. It occurs from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration. The control of water balance in animals is known as osmoregulation. Osmoregulation is a homeostatic mechanism. The body fluids of a salt water fish are hypotonic (higher in water concentration) compared with the surrounding sea water – the sea water is therefore hypertonic. Because of this they constantly lose water by osmosis through its selectively permeable gill and gut membranes. To replace its loses and maintain its water balance, the fish drinks the sea water. The chloride secretory cells in the gills of the fish actively secrete the excess salt – gained from drinking the sea water – back out into the sea by an energy requiring process known as active transport, against a concentration gradient. The kidneys of salt water fish only contain a few small glomeruli, which results in a low filtration rate of blood and only a small volume of urine being formed. In addition, salt water fish convert their nitrogenous waste to a non-toxic form, trimethylamine oxide, which requires minimum amount of water for its removal. Over millions of years of evolution, fresh water fish have adapted to carry out osmoregulation. The body fluids of a fresh water fish are hypertonic compared with the surrounding water and therefore they constantly gain water by osmosis. Fresh water fish gain water through the lining of their stomach and their gut – the same as salt water fish. In order to maintain a water balance, fresh water fish have to constantly remove excess water. Their kidneys possess a number of adaptations which make the constant intake of water easy to cope with; their kidneys possess many large glomeruli allowing rapid filtration of the blood and the tubules reabsorb mineral salts from the glomerular filtrate back into the bloodstream, resulting in a large volume of very dilute urine. Using chloride secretory cells in their gills, fresh water fish area able to actively uptake mineral salts from the water which are lost in the urine.

The Pre-Trial Motions Stage of a Criminal Case

The Pre-Trial Motions Stage of a Criminal Case After it is decided that a criminal case will proceed to trial, pre-trial motions can be presented to the court that can influence how the trial is conducted. Those motions can address many different topics and issues. Pre-trial motions can address the evidence to be presented at the trial, the witnesses who will testify and even the type of defense the defendant can present. For example, if a defendant plans to plead not guilty by reason of insanity, a pre-trial motion must be made to the court and a hearing conducted to determine if that defense will be allowed. The same is true if the defendant pleads guilty but mentally ill. Each pre-trial motion can prompt a mini-trial before the judge in which witnesses can be presented. Most pre-trial motion hearings consist of the prosecution and defense making oral arguments to support their case, along with written arguments citing case law precedents. In pre-trial motions, the judge makes the final decision. There is no jury present. For each side, depending on how the judge rules, that ruling can be the basis for a future appeal. The defense can argue that the judge made an error in the ruling, affecting the outcome of the eventual trial. Pre-trial motions can address a broad range of issues. Some common ones include: Motion to Dismiss An attempt to get a judge to dismiss a charge or the entire case. If may be used when there is not enough evidence or when the evidence or facts in the case do not equal a crime. It is also filed when the court does not have the authority or jurisdiction to make a ruling in the case. For example, if a will is being contested, the case would have to be decided by a probate court and not a small claims court. A motion to dismiss the case based on lack of subject matter jurisdiction would likely be filed. Motion for Change of Venue Most often a request for a change of venue of the trial is due to pre-trial publicity. Famous Cases When Changes of Venue were Granted The four Los Angeles police officers charged with assault of Rodney King in 1991, had their trial moved from  Los Angeles County to  Ventura County.Oklahoma City Bomber Timothy McVeigh was granted a change of venue  from Oklahoma to the U.S. District Court in Denver, Colorado.Beltway snipers Lee Boyd Malvo and John Allen Muhammad had their trials moved from northern Virginia to Chesapeake and Virginia Beach, in southeastern Virginia. Motion to Suppress Evidence Used to keep certain statements or evidence from being introduced as evidence. Seasoned judges will not admit any statement or evidence into evidence that could serve as a basis for a reversal of a conviction. A motion to suppress evidence often addresses issues such as Evidence seized illegally.Confessions wrongly obtained.Statements improperly obtained.If there was probable cause to make an arrest. For example, if police conducted a search without probable cause (in violation of the Fourth Amendment), an attempt to suppress the evidence found as a result of that search might be granted. The Casey Anthony Case; Motion to Suppress Evidence Casey Anthony was found not guilty of first-degree murder, aggravated child abuse, and aggravated manslaughter of her child, Caylee Anthony. Judge Belvin Perry denied Anthonys defense attorneys motions to suppress statements made by Anthony to George, Cindy, and Lee Anthony, pen pal Robyn Adams and corrections officer Sylvia Hernandez. The judge also denied the defenses motion to suppress statements Anthony made to law enforcement because she had not been read her Miranda Rights. The judge agreed with prosecutors that at the time of the statements, Anthony was not a suspect. Although the defense motions to suppress evidence were denied, Anthony was found not guilty. However, had she been found guilty, the denial to suppress evidence could have been used in the appeals process to reverse the conviction. Other Examples of Pre-Trial Motions To challenge the search warrant issued in the case.To exclude some evidence gathered during the search.To exclude statements made by the defendant to investigators.To determine if expert witnesses can testify.To challenge expert testimony.To request a gag order in the case.

Studying art in Denmark will make your artistic future better

Studying art in Denmark will make your artistic future better Studying Art in Denmark Are you a creative and talented person with vivid imagination and unusual way of thinking? Are you patient? Do you often feel inspired? Then, studying art is for you, still it`s not an easy ambition. But this will certainly help you to get the fresh insights while exploring the subject. There`s a great range of institutions which offer to share the best ideas of real professionals. But today let`s check the where you can study art in Denmark. The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts Schools Of Architecture, Design and Conservation School of Design In this school everyone can find something according to own tastes and intentions. The institution offers 5 various departments of education. Each center specializes on own way of art. For example, the Centre for Communication Design is responsible for expressing art with help of different modern technologies. The second department deals with fashion, it`s the Centre for Textile and Fashion. It shows clothes designing, so that this kind of work can be also called art. You can also find interesting and useful lectures and information on interior designing and architecture. The Centre for Furniture, Spatial and Industrial Design is responsible for the furniture creation, the traditional furniture making along with modern and extraordinary ways are taught. So this can help to implement your ideas of comfortable home into life. Those who like fragile work will be pleased to attend the Centre for Glass and Ceramics, where new ways and techniques of glass and ceramics making are shown and encouraged to be used. And finally the Centre for Theory and Method explores the culture itself and searches for its main concepts and basis. Royal Danish Academy of Art This academy is a treasure for all connoisseurs of visual art. Here you are welcomed to 6-year studying which is though divided into 2 parts of 3-years each.   The first 3 years you are studying to get Bachelor`s degree in Fine Arts of Visual art. And the next 3 years are devoted to getting Master`s degree. There`s also a study board which consists of teachers and students. They are to supervise whether all points of quality policy (which is very important here as it helps to ensure the qualified education) are followed. The Danish National School of Theatre and Contemporary Dance This school offers a great range of interesting classes. It`s opened to students from all over the world. Here all are offered to study acting, scenography, direction, light and production management, contemporary dance and partnership etc. Students are welcome to get useful knowledge and develop their skills in these kinds of work. The Rhythmic Music Conservatory (RMC) Here you get a great chance to be enrolled in the studying of various kinds of music, pop, rock, jazz – you will be aware of everything. 3-year studying is for Bachelor`s degree and 2-year for Master`s degree. In addition, you can continue studying for 2 years to get the Advanced Postgraduate Diploma. The Royal Academy of Music, Aarhus/Aalborg You can get here the Bachelor`s and Master`s degree in performance, music teaching and composition. The Bachelor`s program is to introduce music to students, tell them important details and information required. Getting Master`s degree you can choose the sphere you like the most. Each student is allowed to create own program to find themselves in their own sphere. The Royal Danish Academy of Music, Copenhagen In this institution you can get both Bachelor`s and Master`s degree in a specific instrument or any other field of music. A lot of programs are offered, such as percussion, woodwind, brass instruments, opera and voice. Funen Art Academy This institution is known all over the world, international students are welcome here. Students can get degree in visual arts. Teachers tightly cooperate with students and help them develop their skills. The Jutland Academy of Fine Arts Here work international and local artists, all classes are held in Danish. Still some guests come and deliver their speeches in English. Kolding School of Design This school offers the Bachelor`s degree but only in Danish, so if you are an international student then you are to pass special test to check whether you are good in Danish. You will be taught to work alone and in team, your designing skills will be improved. Aarhus School of Architecture In this institution you can get not only Bachelor`s and Master`s degree but also PhD. The PhD program is according to all requirements of Danish Ministry of Culture`s Act. It depends on you which institution to choose, all of them will completely satisfy your ambitions.

Any topics,i will show the detail on instructions Essay

Any topics,i will show the detail on instructions - Essay Example For some historians such as Bacino (3), the tensions between the two nations may have started in 1917 when the US sought to promote social and economic reconstruction in Siberia. During the same period, the Russians also made some efforts to enforce a structural transformation of the international political economy. It is possible that differences in ideologies existed between the two nations and these may have sparked some tensions. Most historians however focus on 1939 and 1940, which are also the years that marked the beginning of the Second World War. The views of the later group of historians is supported by a series of events which began with the secret Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, and a supplementary accord that followed a month later and revealed the Soviets’ invention to integrate Estonia, Lithuania, Finland, eastern Poland, and Latvia into their territory (Elsuwege 29). The Russian Army occupied eastern Poland in the same month and by 1940, the Red Army ha d occupied Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. Russia however failed in its invasion of Finland in 1939 and this forced the Russians to accept cession of Finnish territory which it hoped would protect Leningrad from future invasions. The Soviet army advances in 1939 and 1940 and the signal that the Soviets received from Hitler’s Germany to expand westward culminated in the pursuit of Hitler’s defeated army to almost 100 miles west of Berlin. This evidence illustrates that Stalin had, at an early date, resolved to bring eastern Poland, the Baltic States, and Bessarabia within the expanding Russian empire but most of his expansion plans had to be put on hold between 1941 and 1944 as Russia defended its homeland territory. As shall be demonstrated later in this paper, some of the western leaders were uncomfortable with the Soviet’s territorial

Business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Business law - Essay Example The second area of grounds for action is the failure of the transit agency, with regards to assigning a staff member, who would oversee the safety measures to be observed while using the buses owned by the company. Further, the roles of the safety director should be clearly stated. From the case of the Lancung bus, it is apparent that the driver took the responsibility for safety, by refraining the dancing of the passengers at the bus, which was not enough to maintain safety during the duration of travel. The other area that a suit against the company could be based on is the limitation of the role of employees, towards accident prevention at the bus. First, it should be noted that the responsibility of accident prevention lies with all personnel, including higher ranking staff like the board of directors to low ranking staffs like drivers. In this area, the company holds the responsibility of hiring qualified personnel, who can aid in the prevention of accidents. The orientation and training of employees should also be carried out, with special regard to accident prevention. Particularly, in the case of drivers, the agency should have employed drivers who are knowledgeable in the area of the accident prevention system, procedures and policies, which were not observed by the driver in question (Byman 5-7). Other areas that drivers should be knowledgeable in, include federal, local and state regulation on safety, these including the OSHA, state safety belts. This is especially an important area, as the driver – from the case – only required that the passengers sit down, but did not give any regard to the use of safety belts – which may have avoided the injuries noted. The company should also have checked the driver for knowledge on safe limitation and operation of brakes and transit emergency procedures. Of particular significance to the case is the questionable experience of the driver, who should be knowledgeable in avoiding sudden stops à ¢â‚¬â€œ which were the direct cause of the injuries, on-board altercations and the action to be taken, and passenger evacuation – where there is need for that. These areas will offer the grounds for action in law to the passengers of the company in question, which may be sued for the injuries sustained by the passengers (Byman 8-15). This case is comparable to that of Donoghue v Stevenson  [1932]  UKHL 100, where Mrs. Donoghue drank a bottle of ginger beer, which contained a snail. After the incident, she fell ill, which made her sue the ginger beer manufacturer. During the hearing, the house decided that the manufacturer had failed to exercise their duty of care to her – as a customer of their beer. Therefore, it was noted that there was the breach of that duty of care, as the manufacturer’s failure to check the safety of the product had caused her harm. In the same line, the case of Lancung transit shows a case of breach of the duty of care, as the company , according to its accident prevention program – should have ensured that the safety of all the passengers was maintained at maximum. An example of the duties of care breached include requiring the

Pop culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Pop culture - Essay Example Video games has opened a new culture in the world of entertainment leading to the emergence of a new form of popular culture. It is recorded that the initial games used interactive electronic devices with various display formats. Some of the earliest examples of video games the Cathode ray tube Amusement Device that was filed for a patent on 25 January 1947 by Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann. The two designers were deeply inspired by radar display tech that was made up of an analog device that allowed a user to control a vector-drawn dot on the screen to simulate a missile being fired at targets, which were drawings fixed to the screen. While there has been a great element of changes leading to ink split on video game culture, the actual definition of the term is often treated as common sense to many people. The unraveling of the discourses surrounding video game culture offers room for people to envisioned in the power dynamics involved in attributing certain characteristics to it, as well as naming it. This approach has implications for how video games are studied as well as how they are interlinked with how culture is studied more broadly. By critically examining how video game culture has been defined in both press and academic articles, this paper seeks to elaborate how this cultural aspect has emerged to be considered on the most advanced forms of the popular culture. According to Tom Bissell in Extra Lives: Why video games matter, the rise of video in the current generation has resulted to the emergence of a new form of popular culture. He admits his great love and passion for the games. It is recorded that millions of adults all over the world, spend several hours every week playing video games leading to the growth of the industry. It is estimated that the industry is likely to outdo the film industry in Hollywood. However, the

Influence of The Beggars Opera on Musical Theatre

Influence of The Beggars Opera on Musical Theatre Explore the ways in which The Beggars Opera influenced the development of musical theatre in the eighteenth and twentieth centuries. What were the reasons for its continued popularity? Intro The Beggars opera is an outstanding piece of writing, which has for centuries been an inspiration of talent to musical theatre everywhere. John gays piece has led to the creation of many different productions, that shall be talked about in more depth throughout the essay. The 18th Century is the obvious place to start, with the first production being staged in 1728 on 28 January . This is also where John Gays marked his place in History as a great Ballad Opera writer. Ballad Opera was a new Style of musical theatre made huge by its humorous satire, which could be related to by all types and classes of people, because of its satire on Italian Operas and British prime minister Walpole at the time. The play in its new and unique group managed to relate to a mass amount of people who found the humorous play to be so true in its own exaggerated wayWhen given the question (Explore the ways in which The Beggars opera influenced the development of musical theatre in the eighteen and twentiet h centuries. What were the reasons for its continued popularity?) there were certain aspects of the ballad opera which I needed to understand before answering the question. The Production, adaptations of the play, the stylistic aspects, the construction, and its popularity within the two Centuries are some of the key aspects needed to answer the question. The beggars opera and Its low-life settings were Taken and used in pieces like The Cobblers Opera, which is set in Billingsgate. Charles Johnsons The Village Opera ( 1729 ) started a trend for more emotional and more rural subject, which contained little satire or wit. None of these two operas came close to the success of The Beggars Opera. This waspartly to do with the fact Gay had used most of the best songs in the public domain.(footnote)The popularity of The ballad opera caused a lot of serious difficulties for The composers and Italian opera houses at the time including composers such as Handel. When the obsession had died, there were still shorter pieces of the same style which came onto the scene and became popular afterpieces of the Big shows.(footnote) These pieces were written In the early 1760s, they were unoriginal pieces of ballad opera. One called Thomas and sally(1760) by Arne, and one called Love in a village(1772) also by Arne. These were considered unoriginal becaus e only 5 new songs were written for the opera and some were taken from his previous works. (footnote) Bibliography and More Information about ballad opera R. Fiske , English Theatre Music in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1973, 2/1986) Y. Noble (ed.), Twentieth Century Interpretations of The Beggars Opera (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1975) Percy Scholes / Nicholas Temperley Only The Beggars opera is the only one out of the pieces that kept its popularity. It was a huge milestone of the 20th century for musical theatre, was an adaptation (probably the most well known of all that have been done) of the The beggars opera, The Threepenny Opera. The piece was inspired by The beggars Opera in its social message, using some of the same characters and even one of the songs. Composer Kurt Weill and playwright Bertolt Brecht changed old-fashioned opera and operetta forms, an incorporateda political view and the sound of 1920s Berlin dance bands and cabaret into the play. Weills harmonies and Brechts writing created a completely new musical theatre that inspired some of the most well known hits such as Chicago and cabaret. Mack the Knife, is one of the most well know tunes of the century, this is the opening song to the play.(footnote) The first night of Three penny opera was August 31, 1928. No one knew what to expect from the night, but not long in and everyone began to shout and cheer. The show turned out to be a brilliant success and the popularity spread throughout Europe. This started something huge. After the Berlin premiere, 46 stage productions of the work was generated because of the popularity from audiences. 1931 brought a film version to its audience, the film was called Die 3-Groschenoper. This made a an international star out of weills wife, Lotte Lenya. The opera, by 1933 had already been produced 130 times all over the world. The play really took off after the war when there was a New York production at Theatre de lys, this production was off Broadway. It ran from 1954 to 1961 and the show did a total of 2707 performance and was the longest running play in history a the time. The Threepenny Opera is still entertaining audiences all over the world. There are three cinematic versions of the work, made in 1931, 1963, and 1988. the music and story of The Threepenny Opera as stayed irresistible to audiences everywhere as they were in 1928. This adaptation of the beggars opera as you can see has had significant inspiration on musical theatre, and had a lot on early popular music of the 20th century. In America, ballad opera began with the importation of an English work, Flora, or Hob in the Well, which was given at Charleston, South Carolina, in 1735. The first American performance of The Beggars Opera itself took place in New York in 1750. Thereafter all the most popular English comic operas were quickly imported, and, indeed, for long they formed the sole operatic entertainment in the English colonies and successor states, since Italian and French opera did not reach that part of America until the 1790s, and no serious attempt to promote Italian opera was made until 1825 . Many writers of the time were sticking to Italian Opera, which were very serious 1953 brought forward a new light on the ballad opera turning it into a film. The film priemered in London on the 5th of June 1953, film1985, Musical theatre before The beggars opera was very different. During the 17th Century there was a period called interregnum, unfortunately this had an effect on musical theatre and During this time theatrical performances were forbidden under the Puritan government. After this period and when the restoration was finally over, there was a lot of changes to society. There was a lot of positive effects on the countrys performing arts, and because of the financial developments the balance of social classes came together. Londoners started to appreciate newer forms of artistic expression. They welcomed teachers of Italian and French to the city, as well as the many Continental musicians who arrived and settled there. An era began where Italian style was put above all other types of entertainment. The Italian castrato was a male singer who was trained to sing with soprano or alto voice. The Italian Castrato became very popular(footnote) John gay took a lot of his inspiration for the The beggars opera Productions an adaptations of The beggars opera since 1728 have been everywhere. I have taken a look at some of these since its first performance to show how much of a success it was even 250 years on, the influence on musical theatre has shown in many different types of opera. When John Gay took his new ballad opera to the manager of the famous Drury lane theatre, Colley Cibber, gay was unfortunately turned away. The main reason for Colley Cibbers choice was not ignorance, it was a perception of its political satire that made him refuse. If maybe The beggars opera was a bit more obtuse there would have been a bigger chance of Cibber accepting. The fact that Cibber had a Personal friendship with British Prime minister Walpole would probably have also played a big part in Cibbers decision, as he could not of found Gays Humour remotely comical.[i]Not long after Gays disappointment with Colley Cibbers Decision, Gay approached John Rich, the manager of another successful theatre called Lincolns Inn Fields. John Rich decided to take a chance on Gays work, However John Rich had his doubts and probably would have dropped it after its rehearsals if it wasnt for Gays friends who pressured him into continuing with the balled opera.[ii] John rich was so right in takin g on the piece and the widespread popularity of Gays Ballad opera led Rich to build Covent Garden, which today is the most famous Opera house in London.[iii] Gays main source of inspiration for the 69 Songs (in the original score there were 68 songs, one was added later by third edition) in his ballad opera were taken from a collection of songs and ballads written by Thomas DUrfey. The verses he wrote were mostly written to folksongs and favourite melodies. The book was published in 1700 in a songbook entitled, Wit and Mirth or pills to purge melancholy. John Gay selected many songs from this collection of popular music and wrote his own lyrics, so that the lyrics fitted in with his opera. Gay also had other sources which he borrowed from such as his contemporary composers Eccles, Barrett, Purcell, Clarke, and Handel, as well as using tunes from English, Scotch, and Irish folksongs. The music in the ballad was collected and the arranged to fit. The chosen songs included a range of popular styles at the time, from jigs to hymn-like tunes. German composer and music Director of Lincolns Inn Fields Theatre Dr. Pepusch Also participated in the creation of the score, providing the overture and assisting in the orchestration of the opera.[iv] The first Performance of John Gays Ballet Opera The Beggars Opera was on stage in 1728, This performance attracted the acclaim and attention of the Popular audience in England. The first season of performances lasted for a total of 62 nights. The play received just as much applause in the next season of performances. It soon spread into a lot of the main towns in England, and also made its way to Wales Scotland and Ireland where it was made more popular. The woman who played Polly( Lavinia Fenton) became a favourite of many different people. The ballad opera became that successful it drove Italian opera out of England for the whole season. Italian opera had carried Musical theatre for 10 year prior to this completely new style, I see as Experimenting at the time, as it was completely out of the norm. The 62 consecutive nights seems like a huge amount to be doing nowadays, but back in the 18th Century however this was quite normal for the actors to be doing. Years later the Opera was performed internationally in Dublin, Jamaica, Glasgow, New York. In America The beggars Opera was one of the earliest musical comedies Produced.[v] The Opera popularised this new form of stage entertainment which was known as balled opera. Balled opera changed Operas standard Upper-class audience and had attracted and combined the likes of lower-class, middleclass and Upper-class followings. Londoners really loved the realism and satire in the ballet opera, I think it was something that everyone at the time could relate to, which maybe why it attracted such a wide range of different minded and different classed people. Audiences would leave the theatre talking about the opera and singing the familiar tunes. There is a lot of evidence to show its popularity in the 18th Century, one being the book trade. This was highly increased because of Its controversial subject matter and satire. Other evidence showing its popularity was that every year after 1728 The beggars opera was performed every single year of the 18th Century.[vi] The Beggars Opera was premiered on January 29, 1728 at John Richs theatre at Lincoln-Inn-Fields and had an overwhelming amount of success. A newspaper at the time, The Craftsman(London weekly) ran this short piece: February 3, 1728 This Week a Dramatick Entertainment has been exhibited at the Theatre in Lincolns-Inn-Fields, entitled The Beggars Opera, which has met with a general Applause, insomuch that the Waggs say it has made Rich very Gay, and probably will make Gay very Rich. The reference to Rich above refers to John Rich, the manager of the Lincolns Inn Fields theatre. February 17, 1728 We hear that the British Opera, commonly called The Beggars Opera, continues to be acted, at the Theatre in Lincolns-Inn Fields with general Applause, to the great Mortification of the Performers and Admirers of the Outlandish Opera in the Haymarket.[vii] The piece written shows how the play was a hit, and happened in such a small amount of time. People from everywhere wanted to see the play because It was the talk of the town. The huge success of The Beggars Opera has retained its popularity for over 200 hundred years, which forms a record in dramatic productions. Every generation brings new applause and the causes for its popularity change each generation, John gay probably didnt expect such a major interest in his work and maybe didnt think it would become as popular as it has. Im sure it would have shocked him that the piece was performed 62 nights in a row at one of the most well known theatres at the time. Gay at the time most definitely would have been expecting some abuse over the satire contained in the opera but he would not of been expecting the creation of the characters Macheath, his gang, and women followers would be criticized, and made into something more serious.[viii] The ballad opera has become so influential that critics by now tend to assume that complicated irony is Pervasive and thoroughgoing in the language of the play. Ironic double-meaning is understood to provide a key to correct reading of Gays satire, which in its ambiguity and uncertainty is modernistic.[ix] The first imitation of The beggars opera was by Tomas Cooke and johnJohn Mottleys ballad opera Penelope-the odyssey story set in England, this was also in 1728. The opera only ran for 3 night which had nothing on Gays piece.[x] Another production of the beggars opera was the 1985 Performances at 1985 brought forward lots of production of the ballad opera, and it marked Johngays In 1985 this Catchy News paper article, shows how popular The beggars opera was and how popular is was still in 1985. Beggars Banquet Dramatic and musical flexibility and vitality make John Gays 1728 Musical comedy an indestructible theatrical creation During the 18th Century Musical theatre Except in Air 34, where Pepusch used P.G. Sandonis original bass for the latters setting of Gays own song-text Sweet Williams Farewell to Black-eyd Susan. Also, in Air 20 (Handels march from Rinaldo) and Air 41 (Purcells song If loves a sweet passion), Pepuschs bass line is similar to the composers own. For further details, see my edition, p.108. ) Arrangements of the The rearranging of the songs in The beggars be traced back to the first performance in 1728. The existing tunes John gay had chosen for his play, were taken by arranger John Christopher Pepusch and instead of him taking earlier harmonized version of the songs, he added his own basses.(footnote)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1729 the basses were published, this was the third edition of the work. The first two edition only include the tunes.( The songs were unlike John Pepuschsfully-scored overture written for two oboes and string, and there printed on two staves. The staves lack any instrumental introductions or codas.(footnote) Other sources show evidence that there was a standard method for arranging the songs. Scoring was for unison violins and continuo, and instrumental introduction and codas copied the opening and closing bars of the song itself.(footnote) When the third edition was introduced it was used as a basis for arrangements until late into the 19th century. However, in the second half of the 18th century, many London revivals began to try out new arrangements for the musical, the most significant version is Thomas Linleys of 1776. All of the arrangements have not been published. In 1769 there was an edition of the ballad opera published with a misleading title page: THE BEGGARS OPERAwith the Additional Alterations byDr ArneThe Basses entirely New.(footnote) The publisher hoped the audience would think that the basses entirely new were part Dr Arnes additional alterations, The truth is the pieces were far to poor to be his work, as it contained too much harmonic for the speed of the tunes. This gave a different spin on the musical but didnt contain the right ingredients, that made gays version what it is. Compared to Pepuschs simple but very effective bass the Arne version omitted some of the songs from the piece, some were transposed and part of the writing is introduced into ensemble numbers. (footnote) Arrangements of ballad operas [i] Colley Cibber: a biography by Helene koon. 1986- 242 pages. Page 118. [ii]www.umich.edu/-ece/student_projects/beggars-opera (the first production) [iii] Colley Cibber: a biography by Helene koon. 1986- 242 pages. Page 118. [iv] www.umich.edu/-ece/student_projects/beggars-opera (the first production) [v] [vi] Introduction to the beggars opera by [vii] The craftsman Newspaper article- February 3rd 1728 This Week a Dramatick Entertainment has been exhibited at the Theatre in Lincolns-Inn-Fields, entitled The Beggars Opera, which has met with a general Applause, insomuch that the Waggs say it has made Rich very Gay, and probably will make Gay very Rich. The reference to Rich above refers to John Rich, the manager of the Lincolns Inn Fields theatre. February 17, 1728 We hear that the British Opera, commonly called The Beggars Opera, continues to be acted, at the Theatre in Lincolns-Inn Fields with general Applause, to the great Mortification of the Performers and Admirers of the Outlandish Opera in the Haymarket. [viii] [ix] Peter Lewis, The uncertainty principle in the beggars opera Durham University Journal 41 (1980) 143-6 [x] The Cambridge history of British theatre Volume 2: 1660 to 1895. 6. The beggars opera: a case study CALHOUN WINTON. Page 126.